Ku italiki ya 20 y'ukwezi kwa mbere 2021, Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika izimika perezida wayo wa 46. Gusimburana ku butegetsi mu mahoro byabaye imwe mu nkingi zikomeye za demokarasi muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika. Byaje bite? Ni byo turebera hamwe muri make.
Abashashatsi bemeza ko ibihugu 68 bitandukanye byo ku isi yose bitigeze bigira ihererekanyabubasha mu mahoro hagati y'umukuru w'igihugu n'undi kuva mu 1788. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ho byabaye umuco kuva kuri perezida wa Repuburika wa mbere na mbere, George Washington, ubwo yarekuraga ubutegetsi ku bushake bwe mu 1797, nyuma ya manda ebyiri. Yasize avuze, ati: "Guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro ni byo bizatandukanya igihugu cyacu na buri kindi gihugu icyo ari cyo cyose ku isi."
Nyamara abahanga mu by'amateka bemeza mu by'ukuri ko ari perezida wa kabiri wa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, John Adams, warekuye bwa mbere na mbere ubutegetsi mu mahoro. Muti kuki?
Icya mbere: yego George Washington ni we watanze urugero, ariko we yategetse nta muntu twavuga ko bari bahanganye. Naho John Adams, mu bya politiki ntiyacanaga uwaka na gato rwose n'uwamusimbuye, Thomas Jefferson.
John Adams yabaye visi-perezida wa mbere wa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika muri manda ebyiri za George Washington. We na Thomas Jefferson barahanganye mu matora y'umukuru w'igihugu yabaye kuva ku itariki ya 4 y'ukwa 11 kugera ku ya 7 y'ukwa 12 mu 1796.
Ni yo matora ya mbere abantu barenze umwe bapiganywemo. John Adams wari mu ishyaka ryaharaniraga amatwara ya za leta ziyunze (Federalist Party) yarayatsinze aba perezida wa Repuburika, naho Thomas Jefferson wari mu ishyaka ry'Abademokarate b'Abarepuburikani (Democratic-Republican Party) amubera visi-perezida kandi batava mu ishyaka rimwe. Icyo gihe, uwabonaga amajwi menshi muri Koleji y'Abatora ni we wabaga umukuru w'igihugu, umukurikiye akaba visi-perezida.
Nyuma ya manda ya mbere ya John Adams, mu matora mu 1800 yabaye kuva ku itariki ya 31 y'ukwa cumi kugera ku ya 9 y'ukwa 12 mu 1800, bombi barongeye barahangana, noneho Jeffeson aba ari we utsinda. John Adams ntiyagiye mu muhango wo kumwimika. Yahisemo kuva i Washington kare cyane mu gitondo, yitahira iwe mu rugo rwe bwite i Quincy, muri leta ya Massachusetts, mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika. Ntiyigeze ariko asobanura impamvu yabyo.
Kuva icyo gihe, nta perezida n'umwe watsinzwe amatora wigeze yanga gutanga ubutegetsi mu mahoro. Yemwe, kabone n'iyo yabaga yifitaniye amakimbirane ye bwite n'uwabaga amutsinze, cyangwa amacakubiri mu bayoboke babo.
Uretse John Adams wanze kujya mu muhango wo kurahira kwa Thomas Jefferson, abandi baperezida babiri nabo nyuma barabikoze. Mu 1829, John Quincy Adams (umuhungu wa John Quincy) nawe yanze kujya kureba uko Andrew Jackson yimikwa. Naho Andrew Johnson ntiyagiye mu birori byo kurahiza Ulysses Grant mu 1869. Ntimwitiranye ariko Andrew Jackson na Andrew Johnson. Baratandukanye.
Usibye rero aba batatu gusa ku baperezida 45 ba Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, abandi bose kugeza ubu bagiye bajya mu birori byo kwimika uwabaga abasimbuye ku butegetsi. Nacyo ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo kurekura ubutegetsi mu mahoro na demokarasi.
Perezida George H.W. Bush w'Umurepuburikani yatangije akandi kantu kabaye umurage kugeza ubu mu baperezida bakurikiyeho. N'ubwo yababajwe cyane n'uko Bill Clinton wo mu ishyaka ry'Abademokarate, mbere yo gusohoka bwa nyuma mu ngoro y'umukuru w'igihugu, Maison Blanche, Bush yasigiye Clinton mu kabati k'imeza akoreraho urwandiko rwiza, amubwira ko amushyigikiye, kandi amwifuriza ishya n'ihirwe mu mirimo ye.
Hagati aho, mu rwego rwo gutegurira inzira utorewe kuba umukuru w'igihugu gufata ubutegetsi, inteko ishinga amategeko-Congress yashyizeho mu 1963 itegeko rigenga uko ubutegetsi busimburana mu mahoro. Mu byo ritegeka harimo ko amezi atandatu mbere y'amatora, perezida ucyuye igihe agomba gushyiraho mu biro bye "inama mpuzabikorwa y'imirimo yose yo mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho."
Usibye abakozi bo hejuru bo muri leta, iyi nama iba irimo n'uhagarariye na buri mukandida wese ukomeye. By'umwihariko, ishinzwe guha umurongo ngenderwaho mu nzego zose za leta n'amashami yazo yose mu bikorwa byo gutegurira ubutegetsi bushya, no kubuhuza n'uba ucyuye igihe.
Mu iriburiro ry'iri tegeko, Congress iravuga ngo "Icyo ari cyo cyose cyabuza ihererekanyabutegetsi gishobora guhungabanya umutekano n'umudendezo wa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika n'abaturage bayo."
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