VOA, Ijwi ry'Amerika, ikorana ite n'urwego nyubahirizategeko rwa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, harimo na perezidanse White House? Tutirengagije ko VOA ari ikigo cya leta, gihabwa ingengo y'imali yacyo yose, 100%, n'inteko ishinga amategeko y'Amerika-Congress.
Intandaro y'iyi nkuru
Ku itariki ya 15 y'ukwezi kwa kane 2020, Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, Donald Trump, yinubiye cyane imikorere y'Ijwi ry'Amerika. Mu kiganiro yarimo n'abanyamakuru ku cyorezo cya virusi ya Corona aho akorera, yaravuze, ati: "Ibyo VOA ivuga ku gihugu cyacu biteye ishozi."
Perezida Trump yari ababajwe n'ibintu bibiri. Icya mbere: arega VOA ko idatangaza amakuru ya COVID-19 uko ari koko ku Bushinwa, aho virusi ya Corona yaturutse, kuko ikoresha imibare y'abayirwaye n'abo yishe itangazwa n'Ubushinwa nyiri ubwite. VOA yahakanye yivuye inyuma ko itabogamye.
Icya kabiri, Perezida Trump ntiyari yishimiye ko amaze imyaka irenga ibiri atabasha gutoresha muri Sena umuntu mushya yashakaga ko aza kuyobora ikigo USAGM, United States Agency for Global Media, VOA ibereye rimwe mu mashami. Abasenateri b'Abademokarate bakomeje gutambamira itora ryo kwemeza umukandida wa Perezida Trump.
Si ubwa mbere Perezida Trump yari yinubiye ko atagenzura ikigo cya leta cy'itangazamakuru USAGM ku buryo cyagendera ku bitekerezo n'amahame bye n'iby'abamushyigikiye. Nko mu kwezi kwa 11 gushize, Trump yatanze igitekerezo cy'uko leta yari ikwiye gushinga ikindi kigo cy'itangazamakuru cyo kurwanya icyo yita "amakuru abogamye cyangwa y'ibinyoma" ya televiziyo CNN, yo itari iya leta, no kwereka isi ukuntu iki gihugu, Amerika, ari "igitangaza,"
Mu bamubanjirije ku butegetsi nabo hari abigeze kwikoma VOA. Ariko ni ubwa mbere umukuru w'igihugu yari akoresheje amagambo akarishye kandi ajombana cyane.
Urugero: iminsi icumi nyuma y'igitero cy'iterabwoba cyo ku italiki ya 11 y'ukwa cyenda 2001, cyahitanye Abanyamerika ibihumbi bibiri na 977, gikomeretsa abandi batabarika, Mullah Omar yemereye ikiganiro cyihariye VOA, ishami ry'Igipashtuni, rumwe mu ndimi zivugwa muri Afuganistani. Mullah Omar ni we wayoboraga ingoma y'Abatalibani muri Afuganistani icyo gihe, kandi yari acumbikiye anakingiye ikibaba Osama ben Laden, wateguye anayobora ibitero byo kuri 11 y'ukwa cyenda 2001 muri Amerika.
Madame Myrna Whitworth, wari umuyobozi w’Ijwi ry’Amerika ku bw'ubusigire icyo gihe, yashyizeho abanyamakuru babiri bo kuganira na Mullah Omar kuri telefoni. Guverinoma ya Perezida George W. Bush ibimenye, minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, State Department, yahamagaye Myrna Whitworth, imubwira ko byaba "ubwiyahuzi bwa politiki" aramutse atambukije ikiganiro na Mullah Omar. Umuvugizi w'iyi minisiteri, Richard Boucher, yasobanuye ko guverinoma ya Perezida Bush "yubaha uburenganira bwa VOA bwo "gutara no gutangaza amakuru mu bwisanzure," ariko ko idashaka ko VOA "ikora ibintu guverinoma isanga ari ugutiza umurindi umwanzi."
VOA ivuga mu ndimi zirenga 40 zitandukanye. Igeza amakuru ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 280 mu cyumeru ku isi yose. Yatangiye gukora mu ntambara ya babiri y'isi yose. Congress, inteko ishinga amategeko ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, yayihaye inshingano zo gutanga amakuru atabogamye kandi asobanukiye buri wese. Amakimbirane hagati yayo na White House nayo ahoraho kuva imyaka n'imyaka, cyane cyane kubera umwihariko wa VOA wo kugira ubwigenge bucagase, ikorera mu nda ya guverinoma y'igihugu, no gukora akazi kayo rimwe na rimwe nta shiti.
Nk'uko rero ikiganiro na Mullah Omar n'izindi ngero zibyerekana, Trump si we perezida wa mbere utishimiye imikorere ya VOA. Impamvu ni uko abayobozi ba VOA bashyirwaho na White House, bivuze ko ari abakozi bo mu rwego rwa politiki, nyamara akazi k'abanyamakuru bayo b'umwuga bo itegeko ribabwira ko batagomba kubogama.
VOA Igendera ku wuhe murongo mu makuru itangaza?
Umurongo ngenderwaho wa guverinoma kuri VOA wagiye uhinduka. Mu ntangiriro z'ukwezi kwa gatanu 2020, White House na State Department banze icyifuzo VOA yabagejejeho cyo kuvuga birambuye ibirego Perezida Trump yatangaje ku mateleviziyo, nyuma byandikwa no mu kanyamakuru ka White House kagenewe abanyamakuru, ibirego by'uko VOA ikwirakwiza ibinyoma by'Ubushinwa ku birebana na virusi ya Corona.
Ku bakuriye VOA, ibyo Perezida Trump yavuze ni amagambo akomeye ariko adasanzwe, batareka ngo agende gutyo gusa ntacyo babikozeho. Umuyobozi wa VOA, Amanda Bennett, yarabihakanye, avuga ko VOA "ikora ibishoboka byose kugirango itange amakuru atabogamye, kandi adakwirakwiza ubutumwa bwihariye bw'uwo ari we wese." Mu by'ukuri, VOA yatamaje ibinyoma by'Ubushinwa byibura inshuro 20 nk'uko ikigo cyigenga giharanira ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru cya hano i Washington D.C. cyitwa Reporters Committee cyabyerekanye.
VOA ntiyamye ifite ubwisanzure. Mu myaka icumi ya mbere imaze gushingwa mu 1942 kugirango irwanye ibinyoma by'Abanazi ikoresheje amakuru nyayo koko, guverinoma y'Amerika yagombaga kubanza kwemeza amakuru atambuka n'adahita. Ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Kennedy, mu gihe cy'ikibazo cya misile z'Abasoviyeti muri Cuba mu 1962, "VOA yagenzurwaga na guverinoma," nk'uko Nicholas Cull, mwalimu w'ibya dipolomasi, itumanaho n'itangazamakuru muri kaminuza ya Southern California abisobanura. Prof. Cull yanditse n'igitabo cyitwa "Intambara y'Ubutita n'ikigo cy'itangazamakuru cya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika." Ati: "Guverinoma yatumye umuntu wihariye w'ishami ry'itangazamakururya rya State Departement U.S. Information Agency, USIA mu magambo ahinnye, wari ushinzwe kugenzura VOA. Yagombaga gusoma inyandiko z'inkuru zose mbere y'uko zitambuka."
Kugenzura bene aka kageni byaragabanutse mu gihe cy'urukozasoni rwa Watergate rwaviriyemo Perezida Richard Nixon kwegura mu 1974. Cull asobanura ko "abanyamakuru ba VOA baharaniye gutangaza amakuru uko ari ku maperereza yakorwaga kuri perezidanse, kandi USIA yo yarabahatiraga kuvuga perezidanse neza gusa."
Profeseri Cull, ati: "Abanyamakuru bashakaga kugira Watergate isomo mboneragihugu kuri radiyo, berekana ko gukomera kw'Amerika kudashingiye ku mukuru w'igihugu wibwira ko adashobora gukora amakosa, ahubwo ko gushingiye ku bushobozi bwa Congress bwo gukosora ayo makosa ibinyujije mu nzira zemewe n'amategeko."
Nyuma, impande zombi, abanyamakuru ba VOA na USIA, zarumvikanye, bafata umwanzuro ko buri gihe habonetse inkuru itari nziza kuri perezidanse, VOA igomba kuyivugaho n'inkuru nziza. Cull, ati: "Umusaruro w'ibi ni uko amakuru yatambukaga kuri VOA yari akaduruvayo. Ni nko kuvuga ku ruhande rumwe ngo uyu munsi Perezida ntararegwa ubufatanyacyaha mu kibazo cya Wategate, no kuvuga ku rundi ruhande ngo umugore wa Perezida, Madame Nixon, yatashye ishuri rishya ry'abana muri Washington D.C."
Byatumye mu 1976, Congress n'ubuyobozi bwa VOA bumvikana ko VOA ikeneye umurongo ngenderwaho usobanutse kugirango ibashe gukomeza kwizerwa n'abo igezaho amakuru. Congress yashyizeho "amabwirizwa shingiro, Charte," avuga ko VOA igomba gutangaza amakuru nyayo, ku nzego zose za sosiyete nyamerika, no gutanga ibisobanuro n'impaka kuri politiki za Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika.
Aya mabwirizwa yaje gusobanurwa neza na none kurushaho noneho n'amategeko yo mu 1994 no mu 2016, akingira abanyamakuru ba VOA imyivangire ya politiki mu kazi kabo kandi avuga ko VOA igomba "gukomeza kugendera ku rwego rwo hejuru ku mahame y'umwuga wo gutangaza amakuru" itirengagije "icyo politiki mpuzamahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika igamije."
Richard Stengel, wigeze kuba umuyobozi w'ikinyamakuru "Time Magazine" na minisitiri wungirije w'ububanyi n'amahanga wa Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Obama, yaravuze, ati: "Ubu bwisanzure ni bwo butandukanya VOA na bimwe mu bindi bigo by'itangazamakuru bapiganwa. VOA ni ikigo cy'itangazamakuru cya guverinoma ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, ariko si kimwe n'uko televiziyo zo mu bihugu birimo ubutegetsi bw'igitugu zigaragaza ibyo politiki mpuzamahanga yabyo igamije n'amahame yabyo." Stengel, ati: "Ntabwo ari nk'ibyo Koreya ya Ruguru ikora, cyangwa ibyo Ubushinwa bukora, cyangwa ibyo Cuba ikora, n'ahandi hantu hose nk'aho. VOA ni ikigo kigenga. Ni kimwe mu bituma VOA ikurikirwa kandi ikundwa n'abantu amamiliyoni ku isi yose."
Abanyamakuru ba VOA baba bisanzuye?
N'ubwo abanyamakuru ba VOA bategetswe gukora amakuru atabogamye, ikigo cyabo gikuriwe n'urwego nyubahirizategeko rw'igihugu. Ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo gushyiraho umuyobozi mukuru, Chief Executive Officer, wa USAGM (United States Agency For Global Media), VOA ibereye rimwe mu mashami. Usibye VOA, USAGM ifite andi mashami ane, yose ahabwa amafaranga na leta, ageza amakuru mu bihugu bitarimo ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru.
Umuyobozi mukuru wa USAGM, afatanyije n'inama y'ubutegetsi irimo abantu b'ingeri zose mu by'amashyaka ya politiki n'inzobere mu bya politiki mpuzamahanga, ashyiraho abayobozi b'amashami ya USAGM, harimo n'uwa VOA.
Ku mwanya w'umuyobozi mukuru wa USAGM, Trump yashyizeho mu kwa gatandatu 2018 uwitwa Michael Pack, ufite ikigo gikora amafilimi n'ibinyamakuru, wo mu ishyaka rye ry'Abarepubulikani. Senateri Bob Menendez uhagarariye leta ya New Jersey aherutse kwandikira White House ko Pack atakwemezwa atarasubiza ibibazo bya Sena birebena n'imyitwarire ye bwite mu bucuruzi bwe, ibibazo by'imisoro ye mu myaka ishize, n'uburyo "budahwitse" yavuye mu kazi ke ka mbere. Umuvugizi wa Pack yabwiye VOA ko adashobora kugira icyo ayitangariza kuri iyi nkuru, kubera ko ibyo kumwemeza muri Sena bitarava mu nzira.
Clifford May, umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi kibogamiye ku ishyaka ry'Abarepubulikani cyitwa Foundation for Defense of Democracies, we yavuze ko kugaya imikorere ya VOA kwa Perezida Trump biterwa n'uko atishimiye ko Sena itaremeza Pack ku buyobozi bukuru bwa USAGM.
May abona ko umuyobozi wa VOA Amanda Bennett, washyizweho mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa perezida w'Umudemokarate Barack Obama, yananiwe gusobanurira isi politiki za Trump uko bikwiye. Ati: "Ni kuri VOA byakagombye gukorwa. Itabikoze se byakorerwa he handi? Ntibisonura ko abantu batatanga ibitekerezo byabo kuri VOA, cyangwa kunenga perezida ubwe. Ibi byose bishobora kubangikana ku munzani umwe. Ni inshingano y'abanyamakuru beza. Biragaragara ko ubu butegetsi butekereza ko abayobozi ba VOA b'ubu batabikora neza."
Bennett yahoze mu butegetsi bw'ikinyamakuru Bloomberg News. Yabaye kandi n'umuyobozi w'ikinyamakuru Philadelphia Inquirer. Yashyizwe ku buyobozi bwa VOA mu kwa gatatu 2016. Yarakomeje arayiyobora kugeza n'ubu ku butegetsi bwa Trump.
Mu makimbirane yo mu 2001 ku kiganiro na Mullah Omar, abanyamakuru barenga ijana ba VOA barahagurutse barahagarara, basinya inyandiko yasabaga ubuyobozi bwa VOA gukomera no kudacibwa intege n'igitutu cya guverinoma. Byarangiye VOA ihitishije ingingo zimwe na zimwe z'ikiganiro cya Mollah Omar. Yasohoye n'itangazo risobanurira abayirwanyaga impamvu yakoze akazi kayo. Iti: "Abaturage b'Afuganistani batwumva kubera ko badufitiye icyizere, no kubera ko tubabwira inkuru uko yakabaye."
Boucher, ubu usigaye yigisha ibya politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga muri kaminuza Brown, yaravuze, ati: "Impande zombi zageze aho zitera imbere, zikemura amakimbirane." Nyamara hatarashira ibyumweru bibiri ikiganiro cya Mullah Omar gitambutse, Myrna Whitworth yavuye ku buyobozi bw'ubusigire bwa VOA, asimburwa n'umuntu washyizweho na White House witwa Robert R. Reilly.
Whitworth yaravuze, ati: "Mu by'ukuri, igitutu ntikigaragazaga. Ariko banyumvishije neza ko ntari ngifite umwanya mu byemezo birebana n'amakuru." Whitworth yari umunyamakuru w'umwuga muri VOA. Ntabwo yari umuyobozi w'umunyapolitiki. Yafashe icyemezo cyo kwigira mu kiruhuko cy'iza bukuru igihe cye kitaragera.
Nk'uko Lata Nott wo mu kigo "Freedom Forum" abisobanura, ibihe by'amacakubiri muri politiki ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika, nko mu gihe cya "impeachment" y'umukuru w'igihugu cyangwa igihe cy'intambara, bishobora gushyira VOA hagati nk'ururimi. Ati: "Ariko kandi na none ni byo bihe VOA yubaka icyizere mu bayumva. Kuba VOA ari ikigo cya leta, ariko kigenga, bifite akamaro kanini."
Profeseri Cull nawe akaryungamo, ati: "Birumvikana ko guverinoma, muri kamere yayo, yavuga ngo "ni jye uguha amafaranga, ndashaka ko inkuru yanjye nziza ivugwa. Ku rundi ruhande, na byo birumvikana ko ari kamere y'abanyamakuru yo kubyanga no gusobanura ko amahame y'umwuga abategeka kuvuga impande zose z'inkuru, kandi bagomba kwizerwa mu kazi kabo."
Abanyamakuru baharanira ukuri mu buhe buryo?
Kuva yashingwa mu 1942 kugirango irwanye ibinyoma by'Abanazi, n'ubwo amategeko arengera ubwisanzure n'ubwigenge bwayo, VOA ntiyahwemye kubiharanira. Ingero zimwe na zimwe zatangwa:
Mu myaka y'1960, VOA yabujijwe kugira icyo itangaza ku kibazo cya misile z'Abasoviyeti muri Cuba itabiherewe uruhushya na USIA (United States Information Agency) ya ministeri y'ububanyi n'amahanga y'Amerika yagenzuraga VOA icyo gihe.
Mu gihe cy'urukozasoni rwa Watergate rwaviriyemo Perezida Richard Nixon kwegura mu 1974, VOA yashyamiranye na USIA yashakaga gusa ko havugwa amakuru meza kuri iki kibazo cya Watergate. Bageze aho barumvikana, bafata umwanzuro ko buri gihe habonetse inkuru itari nziza kuri perezidanse, VOA igomba kuyivugaho n'inkuru nziza.
Mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa Perezida George H.W. Bush, USIA yashatse kubuza VOA guhitisha ikiganiro yagiranginye na Fang Lizhi, ubwo uyu Mushinwa utaravugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu cye, yari ageze muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika mu 1990. Fang yabanje guhungira muri ambasade ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika i Beijing, umurwa mukuru w'Ubushinwa. Kimwe mu byatumye guverinoma y'Ubushinwa imwemerera kugenda ni uko guverinoma y’Amerika yemereye Ubushinwa ko itazigera ikoresha inkuru ya Fang mu byo ari byo byose.
Indi nkuru imeze nk'iya Fang yabaye mu 1997 mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Clinton. Bwafashije kurekurwa k'undi Mushinwa, Wei Jingsheng, nawe utaravugaga rumwe na leta y'igihugu cye, nawe guverinoma ya Clinton igerageza kubuza VOA gutangaza ikiganiro bagiranye kubera impungenge ko byabangamira kubohoza abandi bantu batavugaga rumwe na leta y'Ubushinwa.
Nyuma y'igitero cy'iterabwoba cyo ku italiki ya 11 y'ukwa cyenda 2001, ministeri y'ububanyi n'amahanga mu butegetsi bwa Perezida George W. Bush yagerageje kubuza VOA gutambutsa ikiganiro cyihariye yagiranye na Mullah Omar wayoboraga ingoma y'Abatalibani muri Afuganistani, kandi wari warahaye indaro Osama ben Laden, wateguye anayobora ibitero byo ku italiki ya 11 y'ukwa cyenda 2001 muri Amerika.
Ibiganiro ku mikorere ya VOA nyuma y'ibi bitero byo kuri 11, ukwa cyenda, 2001, byarakomeje nyuma y'aho ihitishirije bimwe na bimwe mu byari bikubiye mu kiganiro cya Mollah Omar. Bamwe mu bari mu butegetsi bwa Perezida Barack Obama bagaragaje impungenge z'uko amakuru VOA itangaza aterekana neza ingamba za politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ku bibazo cy'urugomo n'ubwicanyi by'abahezanguni ku isi.
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